Folia Morphologica 2010, tom 69, nr 1

Normal mammary glands are composed of a branched system of excretory ducts and secretoryalveoli organized in lobules separated from each other by stroma. The epithelium of ducts and secretoryalveoli consists of two layers of cells: a layer of luminal cells, which is responsible for the synthesisand secretion of milk components, and a layer of myoepithelial cells (MEC)...

Blue nevi are a distinct type of benign melanocytic skin lesions, usually composed of spindle--shaped, dendritic pigmented melanocytes [2]. However, they have occasionally been revealed in someectopic sites such as the vagina, uterine cervix, prostate, spermatic cord, oral mucosa, maxillary sinus,oesophagus, and lymph nodes...

A detailed anatomy of the abductor hallucis is of great importance in clinical application. A full anatomicaldescription of this muscle is quite scarce in literature. The free tendon of the abductor hallucismuscle originates from the muscle’s belly at about one or two fingers width proximal to the head of thefirst metatarsal bone...

The superficial temporal artery (STA) is one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery.It begins in the parotid gland behind the mandible and crosses the posterior root of the zygomatic processof the temporal bone [1, 4, 8, 12]. The STA supplies the face and scalp together with some branchesof the external carotid artery, usually dividing into an anterior frontal and a posterior parietal branch[5, 11, 14]. Variations include: double parietal branches, double frontal branches, absence of frontalbranch, and absence of parietal branch [10]...

According to Wood [12], the size of the thyroid gland is subject to great variation. Seeing the extremevariations in the gross anatomy of the gland, Marshall [6] stated that it was difficult to speak ofa normal thyroid gland. The thyroid gland in man is located in the lower half of the front of the neck. Itconsists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus...

The supraventricular crest [17] is a third-order fleshy trabecula attached to the anterior wall of theright ventricle along its entire length, and it is located between the right atrioventricular ostium and theostium of the pulmonary trunk [15]. Although it is well known, Anderson et al. [4] reviewed the specializedliterature and demonstrated that there were at least four different structures in the right ventriclethat also received this name...

Many anatomists have attempted to classify coronary circulation for the large variety of coronarybranches, their variable course, and range of anatomical areas supplied with blood. The first classificationwas introduced by Banchi [4] in 1904. He observed the dominance of the right coronary arteryin 17%, the left coronary artery in 10%, and the co-dominant type in 73% of examined hearts...

The increase in heart weight during postnatal development is not proportionate to a child’s otherindividual traits [24, 26]. The largest heart mass increases occur during the first year of life and duringpuberty [20]. A Tabulae Biologicae monograph published in 1941 under the editorship of Krogman [in 20]provides a summary of data collected up to 1933 on linear dimensions of the heart, its weight, andsurface of aortic and vein ostia in postnatal human development.

The olfactory organ of a fish shows considerable diversity, reflecting the degree of development and ecologicalhabitats [15]. Olfaction plays a major role in food searching, fright reaction to alarm substance, defence,migration, and reproduction [6, 7]. Catla catla is a surface feeding omnivorous fish and possesses a weakerolfactory sense in locating food, depending more on their gustatory sense or sight...

The preoptic area (POA), which is sometimes described as a part of the telencephalon, seems to bestructurally and functionally continuous with the hypothalamus. It sends and receives input to and frommany hypothalamic nuclei [2, 21, 28]. The preoptic area influences behavioural, neuroendocrine, andautonomic nervous system activity associated with reproduction....